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The Bologna Process: The Outcome of Competition between Europe and the United States and a Stimulus to This Competition
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Charlier, Jean-Emile; Croche, Sarah – European Education, 2008
In the early 1990s, the number of Europeans studying in the United States for the first time exceeded the number of Americans studying in Europe (Haug 2000, p. 27). This evolution was regarded as a very serious threat in European capitals. Public authorities in large countries requested their intellectuals to explain to them why European…
Descriptors: Higher Education, Foreign Countries, Foreign Students, Study Abroad
How and Why the European Commission Has Acquired the Right to Vote in a Europeanization Process in a Field of National Competency
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Croche, Sarah – European Education, 2008
In this article, the author offers an analysis of the Bologna process that draws from Foucault's theory. The author focuses on the objectives and orientations of the process and explains why the process was originally initiated. By mobilizing the concept of "episteme" and "legitimacy", the author highlights the role of the…
Descriptors: Etiology, Competence, Planning Commissions, Voting
How European Integration Is Eroding National Control over Education Planning and Policy
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Charlier, Jean-Emile; Croche, Sarah – European Education, 2006
On every continent, educational systems are considered the exclusive responsibility of individual states. Particularly in Europe, developing educational systems was viewed as an important part of nation building until World War II. After the war, however, there was a concerted effort to harmonize educational policies to protect the continent from…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, International Organizations, Educational Policy, Educational Planning