Educational inequality is a long-standing and persistent challenge. Never has this inequality been more evident than during the COVID-19 era. The pandemic put existing divisions into sharp relief, and made them worse. Recent evidence tells a terrible story of the consequences of the pandemic--and the response of the education system to the pandemic--for educational inequality. Today, as the pandemic recedes, its effects are still there, in education as well as in other domains. Fortunately, there is considerable knowledge about how to respond to growing inequality. As the authors explain in this report, they have learned through research that effective responses include high-quality tutoring, effective expanded learning time, and strengthened relationships between learners and educators. Yet many questions remain, and new research is needed to help ensure that our education system not only overcomes the increase in inequality induced by the pandemic, but reduces the inequality that was already in place prior to 2020. In this report, the authors discuss the consequences of the pandemic for educational inequality, examine research-based strategies for responding to inequality, and identify new areas for research that can take everyone further down the road to an equitable education system.