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Muthén, Bengt; Asparouhov, Tihomir – Sociological Methods & Research, 2018
This article reviews and compares recently proposed factor analytic and item response theory approaches to the study of invariance across groups. Two methods are described and contrasted. The alignment method considers the groups as a fixed mode of variation, while the random-intercept, random-loading two-level method considers the groups as a…
Descriptors: Measurement, Factor Analysis, Item Response Theory, Statistical Analysis