The commitment to all things democratic in educational spheres has inspired and generated much contemporary conversation in music education scholarship. Aside from demonstrating the possible discrepancies between what democratic ideals in education pledge to do and how they are materialized in learning situations, at least on the theoretical…

In this article, by providing a reading of three songs related to Tehran, created by three Iranian rock musicians, Behzad Khaivchi, Behzad Omrani, and Raam, I investigate a particular form of music education in a city that generates a supplemental narrative to the normative discourse of music education. Through Foucault's notion of heterotopia,…