The measurement of mental functioning is problematic, especially when Blacks are being assessed. Eurocentric paradigms and expectations are being used to assess Africentric psychology and behavior. Traditional psychometric instruments attempt to reaffirm a belief in the superiority of European culture. Scholars must search for universals in mental…

Standardized tests rely on communicative behavior. Incongruities between the language of the test giver and the test taker can result in bias. Data on communications should be consulted so that tests allow for linguistic and cultural differences. This is the only way the abilities of Blacks can be accurately assessed. (VM)

The assessment of mental ability in Chicago Public Schools has been changed. The changes are because of the disproportionate number of Black children who were assigned to mentally handicapped classes. Placement decisions are now made by multidisciplinary panels which consider the total child not just the outcomes of prior learning. (VM)

The discretionary aspects of disciplinary practices coupled with the cultural differences between Black students and their teachers largely explain the racial disparity in disciplinary measures. Many of these differences, based on new frames of cultural and social reference established by Blacks during the 1960s, have not yet been adequately…

Discusses bias in intelligence testing and the misuse of intelligence tests scores. Suggests that use of such tests be limited or supported by other modes of evaluation. (CJM)

Although theorists have recognized the significance of culture in learning, there is a need to develop learning theory that is pluralistic, applicable in a multicultural setting, does not conflict with the established learning patterns of children from different backgrounds, and incorporates research that explains cultural biases. (Author/MJL)

Previous court decisions illustrate that both the desegregation and mainstreaming movements have reflected society's attitudes and ideologies at given points in time. However, mainstreaming will probably be more successful because desegregation evokes less sympathy, raises less moral consciousness, lacks broad community advocacy, and is affected…

Reviews a number of desegregation cases that have been litigated in Federal courts since the 1954 "Brown" decision. Outlines needs and means for providing Black children with an education adequate for participation in the country's future. (GC)

Decisions on busing, racial quotas and affirmative action made since 1954 are reviewed. It is shown that while progress has been made, full equality for Blacks has not yet been achieved. (MC)

The churches have contributed to the failure of school integreation, both by being indecisive in their verbal support for it and by failing to integrate church-related schools. (MC)

Suggests that the teacher-student relationship is the most important aspect of successful school desegregation. Reviews literature which focuses on teacher attitudes toward Black students in desegregated schools. (Author/GC)

Looks at the current plight of the African-American male, exploring the role of the dominant culture, mass media, and low self-esteem. Describes a possible cure, citing five areas for action, calling for year-round school in some urban areas, exploring Afrocentric curricula, and considering rites of passage programs. (JB)