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Dusdal, Jennifer; Powell, Justin J. W.; Baker, David P.; Fu, Yuan Chih; Shamekhi, Yahya; Stock, Manfred – Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy, 2020
The world's third largest producer of scientific research, Germany, is the origin of the research university and the independent, extra-university research institute. Its dual-pillar research policy differentiates these organizational forms functionally: universities specialize in advanced research-based teaching; institutes specialize intensely…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Research Universities, Scientific Research, Educational History
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Powell, Justin J. W.; Dusdal, Jennifer – Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy, 2017
Charting significant growth in science production over the 20th century in four European Union member states, this neo-institutional analysis describes the development and current state of universities and research institutes that bolster Europe's position as a key region in global science. On-going internationalization and Europeanization of…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Scientific Research, Research Universities, Research and Development Centers