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Torka, Marc – Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy, 2018
Funding is an important mechanism for exercising influence over ever more parts of academic systems. In order to do so, funding agencies attempt to export their functional and normative prerequisites for financing to new fields. One essential requirement for fundees is then to construct research processes in the form of a project beforehand, one…
Descriptors: Funding Formulas, Finance Reform, Doctoral Programs, Institutional Characteristics
Waaijer, Cathelijn J. F. – Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy, 2015
In modern academic career systems there are a large number of entry positions, much smaller numbers of intermediate positions, and still fewer full professorships. We examine how this system has developed in Germany, the country where the modern academic system was introduced, tracing the historical development of academic positions since the…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational Practices, Academic Rank (Professional), Career Development