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Bjorni, Max; Rovero, Natalie G.; Yang, Elissa R.; Holmes, Andrew; Halladay, Lindsay R. – Learning & Memory, 2020
While results from many past studies have implicated the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) in mediating the expression of sustained negative affect, recent studies have highlighted a more complex role for BNST that includes aspects of fear learning in addition to defensive responding. As BNST is thought to encode ambiguous or…
Descriptors: Fear, Cues, Brain Hemisphere Functions, Learning Processes
Nelson, James Byron; Fabiano, Andrew M.; Lamoureux, Jeffrey A. – Learning & Memory, 2018
Two experiments assessed the effects of extinguishing a conditioned cue on subsequent context conditioning. Each experiment used a different video-game method where sensors predicted attacking spaceships and participants responded to the sensor in a way that prepared them for the upcoming attack. In Experiment 1 extinction of a cue which signaled…
Descriptors: Learning Processes, Arousal Patterns, Attention, Context Effect
Cassini, Lindsey F.; Flavell, Charlotte R.; Amaral, Olavo B.; Lee, Jonathan L. C. – Learning & Memory, 2017
Retrieval of an associative memory can lead to different phenomena. Brief reexposure sessions tend to trigger reconsolidation, whereas more extended ones trigger extinction. In appetitive and fear cued Pavlovian memories, an intermediate "null point" period has been observed where neither process seems to be engaged. Here we investigated…
Descriptors: Fear, Memory, Learning Processes, Recall (Psychology)
Nelson, James Byron; Craddock, Paul; Molet, Mikael; Renaux, Charlotte – Learning & Memory, 2017
One experiment determined the relationship between renewed associative strength and attention. Following cue1-outcome pairings in Context A, cue1 was extinguished in Context B while cue2 was conditioned. On test cue2 was chosen as a predictor of the outcome in Context B. Both cues were chosen equally often as predictors in Context A. Consistent…
Descriptors: Attention, Cues, Conditioning, Learning Processes
Nieto, Javier; Uengoer, Metin; Bernal-Gamboa, Rodolfo – Learning & Memory, 2017
One experiment with rats explored whether an extinction-cue prevents the recovery of extinguished lever-pressing responses. Initially, rats were trained to perform one instrumental response (R1) for food in Context A, and a different instrumental response (R2) in Context B. Then, responses were extinguished each in the alternate context (R1 in…
Descriptors: Cues, Animals, Experiments, Learning Processes
Childs, Jessica E.; DeLeon, Jaime; Nickel, Emily; Kroener, Sven – Learning & Memory, 2017
Drugs of abuse cause changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and associated regions that impair inhibitory control over drug-seeking. Breaking the contingencies between drug-associated cues and the delivery of the reward during extinction learning reduces rates of relapse. Here we used vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) to induce targeted synaptic…
Descriptors: Cocaine, Genetics, Drug Use, Drug Abuse
Vadillo, Miguel A.; Orgaz, Cristina; Luque, David; Nelson, James Byron – Learning & Memory, 2016
It has been suggested that people and nonhuman animals protect their knowledge from interference by shifting attention toward the context when presented with information that contradicts their previous beliefs. Despite that suggestion, no studies have directly measured changes in attention while participants are exposed to an interference…
Descriptors: Animals, Interference (Learning), Attention, Context Effect
Kennedy, Bruce C.; Kohli, Maulika; Maertens, Jamie J.; Marell, Paulina S.; Gewirtz, Jonathan C. – Learning & Memory, 2016
Pavlovian conditioned approach behavior can be directed as much toward discrete cues as it is toward the environmental contexts in which those cues are encountered. The current experiments characterized a tendency of rats to approach object cues whose prior exposure had been paired with reward (conditioned object preference, COP). To demonstrate…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Cues, Animals, Cocaine
Kutlu, Munir G.; Tumolo, Jessica M.; Holliday, Erica; Garrett, Brendan; Gould, Thomas J. – Learning & Memory, 2016
Exposure therapy, which focuses on extinguishing fear-triggering cues and contexts, is widely used to treat post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, PTSD patients who received successful exposure therapy are vulnerable to relapse of fear response after a period of time, a phenomenon known as spontaneous recovery (SR). Increasing evidence…
Descriptors: Fear, Cues, Animal Behavior, Animals
Beckmann, Joshua S.; Chow, Jonathan J. – Learning & Memory, 2015
Sign- and goal-tracking are differentially associated with drug abuse-related behavior. Recently, it has been hypothesized that sign- and goal-tracking behavior are mediated by different neurobehavioral valuation systems, including differential incentive salience attribution. Herein, we used different conditioned stimuli to preferentially elicit…
Descriptors: Incentives, Rewards, Correlation, Drug Abuse
Guo, Chao; Du, Yifei; Yuan, Deliang; Li, Meixia; Gong, Haiyun; Gong, Zhefeng; Liu, Li – Learning & Memory, 2015
Orientation, the spatial organization of animal behavior, is an essential faculty of animals. Bacteria and lower animals such as insects exhibit taxis, innate orientation behavior, directly toward or away from a directional cue. Organisms can also orient themselves at a specific angle relative to the cues. In this study, using…
Descriptors: Conditioning, Entomology, Cues, Visual Perception
Bridge, Donna J.; Voss, Joel L. – Learning & Memory, 2015
Of the many elements that comprise an episode, are any disproportionately bound to the others? We tested whether active short-term retrieval selectively increases binding. Individual objects from multiobject displays were retrieved after brief delays. Memory was later tested for the other objects. Cueing with actively retrieved objects facilitated…
Descriptors: Short Term Memory, Cues, Recall (Psychology), Visual Stimuli
Hindley, Emma L.; Nelson, Andrew J. D.; Aggleton, John P.; Vann, Seralynne D. – Learning & Memory, 2014
The retrosplenial cortex supports navigation, with one role thought to be the integration of different spatial cue types. This hypothesis was extended by examining the integration of nonspatial cues. Rats with lesions in either the dysgranular subregion of retrosplenial cortex (area 30) or lesions in both the granular and dysgranular subregions…
Descriptors: Brain Hemisphere Functions, Animals, Cues, Hypothesis Testing
Diviney, Mairead; Fey, Dirk; Commins, Sean – Learning & Memory, 2013
Learning to navigate toward a goal is an essential skill. Place learning is thought to rely on the ability of animals to associate the location of a goal with surrounding environmental cues. Using the Morris water maze, a task popularly used to examine place learning, we demonstrate that distal cues provide animals with distance and directional…
Descriptors: Cues, Learning Processes, Task Analysis, Animals
Baker, Kathryn D.; McNally, Gavan P.; Richardson, Rick – Learning & Memory, 2012
The NMDA receptor partial agonist d-cycloserine (DCS) enhances the extinction of learned fear in rats and exposure therapy in humans with anxiety disorders. Despite these benefits, little is known about the mechanisms by which DCS promotes the loss of fear. The present study examined whether DCS augments extinction retention (1) through reductions…
Descriptors: Anxiety Disorders, Context Effect, Anxiety, Fear