This study investigated the impact of thinking instruction on students' metacognition and thinking behavior. Higher-order thinking occurs when individuals use their underlying metacognitive strategies which increase the probability of achieving a desirable result. The study was designed as a case study of an intervention and a posttest-only…

Guided notes were introduced decades ago, but there is still debate over their efficacy in improving student outcomes. The purpose of this study is to examine peer-reviewed research on guided notes for adult learners in general populations since 2009, understanding the effects of guided notes on student learning, the knowledge and content areas…

Knowledge transmission and knowledge construction are two common approaches adopted for teaching and learning in higher education. Applying the two different approaches, this paper developed an evaluation model of teaching and learning, which comprises three main conceptual blocks: teaching, learning and learning assistance. A quantitative survey…