The report of the National Commission on Excellence in Education, "A Nation at Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform," is criticized for overemphasizing human resource needs and economic utility at the expense of intellectual, moral, and spiritual learnings. Other perspectives on reform in the schools and in teacher education are…

Four elements in secondary schools make educational change difficult: (1) the presence of a unified faculty representing academic disciplines; (2) the students in the college-bound track for whom the curriculum is designed; (3) the sweathogs or delinquents in the general track; and (4) the parents who want to maintain their children in a safe…