We examined the effects of an alternative classroom structure on self-efficacy and engagement of ninth-grade students who placed substantially below grade level in mathematics. We considered whether targeting both academic and social needs of these students would increase their self-efficacy and engagement by way of four teaching effects:…

The influence of teacher care and support in students' learning and motivation underscores the critical importance of fairness perceptions in the classroom. In this qualitative study we examined perceptions of unfairness and fairness among Russian grade nine students. We interviewed a total of 32 students in two traditional Moscow high schools…