The "gap year" is defined as a time between the end of school and the beginning of further studies in which young people engage in a variety of activities, including paid or voluntary work. "Gapping" is a significant trend globally for young people deferring formal study after completing school, before commencing further or…

Based on the results of transition studies in the UK, Germany, USA and Canada, the virtues of analysing the structural contexts, institutional arrangements and the young peoples' action orientations are presented. In the first decade of the twenty-first century, school and the labour market have become more and more decoupled and transition routes…

Market reforms in former communist countries are supposed to have liberated individuals and enterprises alike. Post-industrial, globalised contexts are said to create greater risks and to require flexibility of businesses and employees, and that the latter are therefore required to become reflexive, proactive, and to take charge of their own…