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Walstad, William B.; Wagner, Jamie – Journal of Economic Education, 2023
The authors of this study investigate the likely influence of required or voluntary financial education on the saving behaviors of U.S. adults. They compare the results for three groups defined by different life experiences with financial education (required, voluntary, and none). Probit models estimate the effects of financial education on four…
Descriptors: Money Management, Financial Education, Adults, Behavior
Smith, Ben O.; Wagner, Jamie – Journal of Economic Education, 2018
In 2016, Walstad and Wagner developed a procedure to split pre-test and post-test responses into four learning types: positive, negative, retained, and zero learning. This disaggregation is not only useful in academic studies; but also provides valuable insight to the practitioner: an instructor would take different mitigating actions in response…
Descriptors: Pretests Posttests, Value Added Models, Guessing (Tests), Monte Carlo Methods
Walstad, William; Urban, Carly; Asarta, Carlos J.; Breitbach, Elizabeth; Bosshardt, William; Heath, Julie; O'Neill, Barbara; Wagner, Jamie; Xiao, Jing Jian – Journal of Economic Education, 2017
This review discusses the heterogeneity in the effectiveness of financial education programs that occurs because of the unique conditions for programs and methods to evaluate them. The authors define six groups served by financial education: children, youth, college students and young adults, working adults, military personnel, and low-income…
Descriptors: Money Management, Consumer Education, Program Effectiveness, Program Evaluation
Walstad, William B.; Wagner, Jamie – Journal of Economic Education, 2016
This study disaggregates posttest, pretest, and value-added or difference scores in economics into four types of economic learning: positive, retained, negative, and zero. The types are derived from patterns of student responses to individual items on a multiple-choice test. The micro and macro data from the "Test of Understanding in College…
Descriptors: Value Added Models, Scores, Economics Education, Economics