The goal of this study was to explore the effects of phonotactic probability, word length, word frequency, and neighborhood density on the words known by children with cochlear implants (CIs) varying in vocabulary outcomes in a retrospective analysis of a subset of data from a longitudinal study of hearing loss. Generalized linear mixed modeling was used to examine the effects of these word characteristics at 3 time points: preimplant, postimplant, and longitudinal follow-up. Results showed a robust effect of neighborhood density across group and time, whereas the effect of frequency varied by time. Significant effects of phonotactic probability or word length were not detected. Taken together, these findings suggest that children with CIs may be able to use spoken language structure in a manner similar to their normal hearing counterparts, despite the differences in the quality of the input. The differences in the effects of phonotactic probability and word length imply a difficulty in initiating word learning and limited working memory ability in children with CIs.