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Polly, Drew – Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 2008
American students continue to struggle on measures of student achievement. This study employed Hierarchical Linear Modeling to estimate a two-level model and examine the influences of calculator use and teachers' instructional practices on student achievement in mathematics amongst first-grade students. The outcome variable was mathematics test…
Descriptors: Mathematics Achievement, Longitudinal Studies, Problem Solving, Equations (Mathematics)
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Steen, Kent; Brooks, David; Lyon, Tammy – Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching, 2006
This study investigated the impact of virtual manipulatives on first grade students' academic achievement as well as on student attitudes, behaviors, and interactions. Thirty-one (31) first grade students were randomly assigned to either a treatment or control group. Both groups studied identical objectives, but the treatment group used virtual…
Descriptors: Grade 1, Student Attitudes, Mathematics Achievement, Grade 2