Teacher candidates take a variety of methods classes, but the degree to which they embed those principles in their lessons and effectively develop students' literacy proficiencies remains in question. The purpose of this mixed design research study was to conduct an initial inquiry of emergent data of nine teacher candidates' ninety lesson plans…

Self-efficacy in school leaders is critical: Without a strong sense of purpose and focus, school leaders will fail at performing the difficult task that it takes to ensure student success and school performance. Competence without confidence may lead to school leaders who are hesitant, full of self-doubt, and inconsistent with their decisions. For…