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ERIC Number: EJ1240790
Record Type: Journal
Publication Date: 2020
Pages: 16
Abstractor: As Provided
ISBN: N/A
ISSN: ISSN-1364-5579
EISSN: N/A
Middle Alternatives and Measurement Validity: A Recommendation for Survey Researchers
Wang, Rui; Krosnick, Jon A.
International Journal of Social Research Methodology, v23 n2 p169-184 2020
Questionnaires routinely measure unipolar and bipolar constructs using rating scales. Such rating scales can offer odd numbers of points, meaning that they have explicit middle alternatives, or they can offer even numbers of points, omitting the middle alternative. By examining four types of questions in six national or regional telephone surveys, this paper found that omitting the middle alternative and forcing respondents to pick a side compromised data quality, for questions presenting two conditions with middle option 'about equally,' and for quasi-bipolar questions with middle option 'fair.' In addition, omitting the middle alternative never helped improve data quality for a variety of unipolar questions. Lastly, there is a marginally significant improvement in terms of data quality for bipolar questions with middle option 'neither good nor bad' when offering a follow-up asking whether they lean one way or the other or whether they are genuinely in the middle.
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Publication Type: Journal Articles; Reports - Research; Tests/Questionnaires
Education Level: N/A
Audience: N/A
Language: English
Sponsor: N/A
Authoring Institution: N/A
Identifiers - Location: Florida; Maine; Massachusetts; United States
Grant or Contract Numbers: N/A