Evaluates contributions to Russian pedagogical thought of a pioneering essay on the history of childhood and the family in Russia ("Dva Vospitaniia" by Kliuchevskii, written in 1893). Characterizes the Betskoi schools which were based upon the philosophy described by Kliuchevskii as humanistic, but beset by pedagogical problems and…

This essay assesses the goals and accomplishments of technical education introduced by Peter the Great in the early 1700's in Russia. The extent to which technical and, more particularly mathematical instruction displaced religious, literacy instruction is the main focus. (JH)