Although some educational progress at grassroot level was made by the Dutch Reformed Church Mission (DRCM) in African Malawi, the DCRM system contributed mostly to underdevelopment. Most Malawians were introduced to semi-literacy under thousands of semi-qualified teachers, and very few Africans who passed through the system later distinguished…

Examines the origins of West Malaysia's cultural pluralism in the century prior to 1874. Traces the development of formal educational provision in the early years of the Straits of Malacca settlements. Concludes that West Malaysia's communal ills were the consequence of a multiplicity of circumstances, not merely British educational policies.…