Growing school systems in Montreal and Toronto (Canada) between 1861 and 1881 offered radically different opportunities to men and women. Educational administrators developed bureaucratic modes of organization chiefly with male aspirations for power and social mobility in mind. Women were hired to fill the bottom ranks or were ignored altogether.…

Describing events and trends at Pennsylvania universities over a period of 33 years during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the article focuses on expansion of university services, background and characteristics of students, educational objectives, and occupations of graduates. (DB)

Traces changing concepts of what constituted useful knowledge, especially as revealed in journals, in the United States from 1776 to 1840. Identifies a widening knowledge gap--corresponding with industrialization--between increasingly elitist, specialized learned societies and mechanics/farmers. Argues that as science grew more professionalized,…

Explores the "failure" of women to expand their share of university education in the United Kingdom after World War II. Inquires about women's opportunities for financing their education and the extent to which such an investment would have been worthwhile in terms of potential employment advantages it might confer. (DSK)