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Download full textZhao, Xu – Berkeley Review of Education, 2016
In the late 1980s, the Chinese government instituted massive educational reforms to promote competition between schools and between students. By the late 1990s, however, educational reforms shifted to regulating and reducing competition in primary and secondary education. Why did a rapid policy swing occur? What was the rationale for the policy…
Descriptors: Competition, Educational Development, Educational Change, Policy Analysis
Zhao, Xu; Haste, Helen – Berkeley Review of Education, 2012
A Beijing-based non-governmental organization (NGO) strives to empower rural Chinese women and migrant girls by increasing their awareness of constitutional rights and promoting their capacities to exercise their civil and political rights. This article reports the NGO leaders' perceptions of the goals, strategies, and challenges in their…
Descriptors: Models, Citizenship, Citizenship Education, Rural Population
