Focuses on policy issues that have affected arts education in the twentieth century, such as: interest in discipline-based arts education, influence of national arts associations, and national standards and coordinated assessment. States that whether the policy decisions are viewed as achievements or disasters are for future determination. (CMK)

Focuses on various topics related to arts education policy such as the creation of the national arts standards, the influence of racism on policy decisions, the importance for equal access to education at all educational levels, and the work of Howard Gardner on multiple intelligences that helped legitimize the arts. (CMK)

Explores arts education policy throughout the twentieth century focusing on topics such as the rapid development of music education in the early part of the century, training music teachers due to this growth, and the state of music education between the 1960s and the 1990s. (CMK)

Focuses on three changes that occurred in the twentieth century: (1) more children receive access to the study of art at all educational levels; (2) art teachers receive more training, education, and resources; and (3) art teachers have less choice in designing curricula and endure more regulation. (CMK)

States that policies are needed that can guide the teacher education programs in music education. Explores the state of music education and teacher education within the twentieth century. Believes that a coherent definition of music education with implications for teacher education is needed. (CMK)

Believes that the concepts of the arts have contributed to the difficulty in rationalizing the arts as a civic investment and educational issue. States that during the twentieth century the distance between the public and the arts has grown. (CMK)

Explores three lessons that can be learned about arts education during the twentieth century: (1) the decentralization of education in the United States; (2) developing student competence in performing and creating art; and (3) the importance of quality above quantity. (CMK)

Discusses the development of the concept arts education. Provides an example of an exemplary district wide arts education program in a Vancouver (Washington) school district as a context for comments on factors regarding districtwide implementation in other school districts. Addresses what constitutes a districtwide arts education program. (CMK)

Describes the educational system within the country of Ghana. Focuses on music education. Discusses the visual arts that constitute vocational skills within education. Addresses the need to move toward a systematic philosophy of arts education in Ghana. (CMK)

States that the arts education disciplines, such as music education, have changed but have not improved overall. Explains that music education has to define its discipline and focus on the history of music education. Addresses the vision of school music in the year 2050. (CMK)

Asserts that, from a school administration point of view, empowerment through faculty cooperation and participation in work-related issues is quite different from actual control of the workplace. Discusses issues related to power, control, and authority in education, particularly in arts education. (CFR)

Asserts that it is ironic to discuss issues of control of arts education policy at a time when national and state leaders describe the public education system as out of control. Examines litigation as an "engine" or driving force of the influence and control of arts education policy from three perspectives. (CFR)

Describes the origin and development of the National K-12 Standards for Arts Education. Discusses issues related to the fine arts being left out of the original national standards documents. Maintains that the standards are essential if the fine arts are to maintain parity with other curriculum subject areas. (CFR)

Traces the origins and development of the National Standards for Arts Education. Discusses the long-term effects the national standards might have on preservice and inservice teacher education. Questions whether national standards might lead to a standardization in arts education that would hamper teacher and student creativity. (CFR)

Discusses issues related to federal funding of school arts programs. Outlines the role of art in a democratic society. Concludes that arts cannot be taught and teachers should encourage students to create and accept unique art forms. (CFR)