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Beyer, Kalani – American Educational History Journal, 2010
The purpose of this article has been to set the record straight as to the extent to which education of the mind and hands was prevalent in the United States prior to the 1880s. This effort is necessary since the proponents of the manual training curriculum that surfaced in the United States in the 1880s created a misperception that no prior form…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, African Americans, American Indians, Vocational Education
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Hale, Jon N. – American Educational History Journal, 2007
During the summer of 1964, Mississippi communities and activists established forty-one "Freedom Schools" that served over two thousand students. The Mississippi Freedom Schools embodied a critical philosophy of education. Despite its grassroots orientation, the educational ideas espoused in the Freedom Schools did not necessarily…
Descriptors: Folk Schools, Freedom, Social Change, Educational Experience