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Racism-Related Stress, General Life Stress, and Psychological Functioning among Black American Women
Pieterse, Alex L.; Carter, Robert T.; Ray, Kilynda V. – Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2013
The relationship between general life stress, perceived racism, and psychological functioning was explored in a sample of 118 Black American women. Findings indicate that racism-related stress was not a significant predictor of psychological functioning when controlling for general life stress. Perceived racism was positively associated with…
Descriptors: Females, African Americans, Stress Variables, Racial Bias
Pieterse, Alex L.; Todd, Nathan R.; Neville, Helen A.; Carter, Robert T. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2012
The literature indicates that perceived racism tends to be associated with adverse psychological and physiological outcomes; however, findings in this area are not yet conclusive. In this meta-analysis, we systematically reviewed 66 studies (total sample size of 18,140 across studies), published between January 1996 and April 2011, on the…
Descriptors: Quality of Life, Mental Health, Adolescents, Depression (Psychology)
Racism and Psychological and Emotional Injury: Recognizing and Assessing Race-Based Traumatic Stress
Carter, Robert T. – Counseling Psychologist, 2007
The purpose of this article is to discuss the psychological and emotional effects of racism on people of Color. Psychological models and research on racism, discrimination, stress, and trauma will be integrated to promote a model to be used to understand, recognize, and assess race-based traumatic stress to aid counseling and psychological…
Descriptors: Psychological Evaluation, Racial Bias, Counseling Psychology, Racial Discrimination
Pieterse, Alex L.; Carter, Robert T. – Journal of Counseling Psychology, 2007
This study explored the relationship among general life stress, racism-related stress, and psychological health in a sample of 220 Black men. Participants completed a personal data form, the Perceived Stress Scale (S. Cohen, T. Kamarck, & R. Mermelstein, 1983), a modified version of the Schedule of Racist Events (H. Landrine & E. A. Klonoff,…
Descriptors: Psychology, Males, Social Class, Stress Variables
Carter, Robert T. – Counseling Psychologist, 2007
The author responds to the four reactions authored by Thompson-Miller and Feagin, Griffin, Speight, and Bryant-Davis in this issue. In responding, he clarifies the purpose of the model presented in his major contribution and adds information about the model's legal and forensic applications that he did not touch on with any detail. He also…
Descriptors: Injuries, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Models, Racial Discrimination
Peer reviewed
Carter, Robert T. – Journal of Counseling and Development, 1990
Explored relationship between White racial identity attitudes and racism. Administered New Racism Scale and White Racial Identity Inventory to White college students (n=100). Found White racial identity attitudes predictive of racism. Found gender differences in White racial identity. Discussed implications for developing racial awareness on…
Descriptors: College Students, Higher Education, Racial Bias, Racial Identification
Neville, Helen A.; Carter, Robert T. – Counseling Psychologist, 2005
The modern civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s radically transformed practice and research in applied psychology, at least in terms of its understanding of race and racism. Rapid changes in psychology generally and in counseling psychology specifically occurred on the coattails of the Black, Brown, and women power activities during the…
Descriptors: Counseling Psychology, Counseling, Racial Bias, Race
Peer reviewed
Carter, Robert T.; Helms, Janet E.; Juby, Heather L. – Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2004
This investigation examined how racial identity profiles, using J. E. Helms's (1996) profile scoring procedure, were related to racist attitudes. One finding showed that participants with an undifferentiated or flat profile scored significantly higher in racist attitudes than participants with other racial identity profiles. Implications for…
Descriptors: Profiles, Racial Attitudes, Racial Identification, Racial Bias