An understanding of conditional probability is essential for students of inferential statistics as it is used in Null Hypothesis Tests. Conditional probability is also used in Bayes' theorem, in the interpretation of medical screening tests and in quality control procedures. This study examines the understanding of conditional probability of…

Random sampling and random allocation are essential processes in the practice of inferential statistics. These processes ensure that all members of a population are equally likely to be selected, and that all possible allocations in an experiment are equally likely. It is these characteristics that allow the validity of the subsequent calculations…

It is well known that students of inferential statistics find the hypothetical, probabilistic reasoning used in hypothesis tests difficult to understand. Consequently, they will also have difficulties in understanding "p"-values. It is not unusual for these students to hold misconceptions about "p"-values that are difficult to…