Dramatic increases in immigration pose challenges for democratic citizenship education to involve national members with different historical memories and current experiences of national belonging. The article draws on ethnographic research with Laotian refugees, who were the target of U.S. violence during the Vietnam War and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. The author contrasts the narrative of citizenship that informs naturalization education with complex ideologies of citizenship articulated by refugees. She argues that a nuanced understanding of citizenship can lead to more meaningful naturalization education, which is necessary to produce citizens with a full sense of national membership and agency in the democratic process. (Contains 3 notes.)