The author describes the Japanese Equal Employment Opportunity Law of 1985 and assesses its impact on economic opportunities for Japanese women. She argues that two aspects of Japan's socioeconomic environment--the lifetime employment system and the labor supply pattern of Japanese women--diminish its likely impact. (Author/CH)

Survey data from a national sample of physical therapists were used to investigate male-female income differences in the field. Results indicated salary differentials to be due both to discrimination and differences in productivity. Types of discrimination and how they affect employment productivity measures are examined. (MF)

Examines the extent of gender differences in the incidence of and returns to promotions. Concludes that the returns to promotion are comparable for men and women, but that women are held to higher promotion standards than men and therefore receive fewer promotions than men with equal measured abilities. (NRJ)

Past studies demonstrating differences between male and female labor forces to explain women's lower earnings are challenged in the present study, which asked: (1) whether such differences explain the gap, (2) to what extent the differences themselves are caused by (cumulative) discrimination, and (3) whether circular reasoning produced past…

Analysis of data from the 1971 Public Employment Program (PEP) showed that PEP job requirements still favored male workers and that, after the program, wage differentials reverted to pre-PEP levels. (MF)

A survey of two cohorts of men and women who received Ph.D. degrees did not support hypotheses that the lower earnings of the women were due to their voluntary decisions, e.g., career interruptions. It was concluded that this study confirmed and extended other recent research that discrimination is a major source of sex differentials. (MF)

Economic discrimination in labor markets, different pay for workers of the same ability, is analyzed in several statistical models using data for black/white and male/female earnings. The conclusion is that statistical theories are unlikely to explain labor market discrimination. (MF)

Assesses the extent and causes of sex discrimination in academic positions at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, during 1975-79. Finds that women are paid less and are less likely to be hired for tenure-track positions. Concludes that there is no effective affirmative action in faculty employment. (Author/JOW)