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Blanton, Maria; Stroud, Rena; Stephens, Ana; Gardiner, Angela Murphy; Stylianou, Despina A.; Knuth, Eric; Isler-Baykal, Isil; Strachota, Susanne – American Educational Research Journal, 2019
A cluster randomized trial design was used to examine the effectiveness of a Grades 3 to 5 early algebra intervention with a diverse student population. Forty-six schools in three school districts participated. Students in treatment schools were taught the intervention by classroom teachers during regular mathematics instruction. Students in…
Descriptors: Algebra, Grade 3, Grade 4, Grade 5
Brizuela, Barbara; Schliemann, Analucia – For the Learning of Mathematics, 2004
In this article, the authors seek to re-conceptualize the perspective regarding students' difficulties with algebra. While acknowledging that students "do" have difficulties when learning algebra, they also argue that the generally espoused criteria for algebra as the ability to work with the syntactical rules for solving equations is…
Descriptors: Equations (Mathematics), Elementary School Mathematics, Elementary School Students, Problem Solving
Kelcey, Ben; Phelps, Geoffrey – Evaluation Review, 2013
Objectives: Group-randomized designs are well suited for studies of professional development because they can accommodate programs that are delivered to intact groups (e.g., schools), the collaborative nature of professional development, and extant teacher/school assignments. Though group designs may be theoretically favorable, prior evidence has…
Descriptors: Statistical Analysis, Research Design, Faculty Development, Sample Size