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Hsieh, Hsiaolin; Wiles, Simon; Solano-Flores, Guillermo – International Multilingual Research Journal, 2023
We address the concern that classification of English learners (ELs) primarily based on standardized tests does not accurately reflect what students know and can do with English. While qualitative classroom discourse analyses show that ELs' language-in-use is not as limited as test scores indicate, available evidence is sparse and prone to…
Descriptors: English Language Learners, Dialogs (Language), Elementary School Students, Secondary School Students
Staub, Adrian; Goddard, Kirk – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2019
A word's predictability, as measured by its cloze probability, has a robust influence on the time a reader's eyes spend on the word, with more predictable words receiving shorter fixations. However, several previous studies using the boundary paradigm have found no apparent effect of predictability on early reading time measures when the reader…
Descriptors: Prediction, Probability, Eye Movements, Reading
Kretzschmar, Franziska; Schlesewsky, Matthias; Staub, Adrian – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2015
Two very reliable influences on eye fixation durations in reading are word frequency, as measured by corpus counts, and word predictability, as measured by cloze norming. Several studies have reported strictly additive effects of these 2 variables. Predictability also reliably influences the amplitude of the N400 component in event-related…
Descriptors: Word Frequency, Eye Movements, Diagnostic Tests, Prediction
Reingold, Eyal M.; Yang, Jinmian; Rayner, Keith – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2010
Participants' eye movements were monitored while they read sentences in which high-frequency and low-frequency target words were presented either in normal font (e.g., account) or case alternated (e.g., aCcOuNt). The influence of the word frequency and case alternation manipulations on fixation times was examined. Although both manipulations had…
Descriptors: Word Frequency, Eye Movements, Language Processing, Grammar
Slattery, Timothy J. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2009
An eye movement experiment was conducted to investigate whether the processing of a word can be affected by its higher frequency neighbor (HFN). Target words with an HFN (birch) or without one (spruce) were embedded into 2 types of sentence frames: 1 in which the HFN (birth) could fit given the prior sentence context, and 1 in which it could not.…
Descriptors: Eye Movements, Language Processing, Word Recognition, Word Frequency
The Quiet Clam Is Quite Calm: Transposed-Letter Neighborhood Effects on Eye Movements during Reading
Johnson, Rebecca L. – Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 2009
In responses time tasks, inhibitory neighborhood effects have been found for word pairs that differ in a transposition of two adjacent letters (e.g., "clam/calm"). Here, the author describes two eye-tracking experiments conducted to explore transposed-letter (TL) neighborhood effects within the context of normal silent reading. In…
Descriptors: Neighborhoods, Sentences, Silent Reading, Semantics
Newman, Rochelle S.; German, Diane J. – Language and Speech, 2005
This study investigated how lexical access in naming tasks (picture naming, naming to open-ended sentences, and naming to category exemplars) might be influenced by different lexical factors during adolescence and adulthood. Participants included 1075 individuals, ranging in age from 12 to 83 years. Lexical factors examined included word frequency…
Descriptors: Oral Language, Language Processing, Age Differences, Adolescents