Fuzzy sets have experienced multiple expansions since their conception to enhance their capacity to convey complex information. Intuitionistic fuzzy sets, image fuzzy sets, q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets, and neutrosophic sets are a few of these extensions. Researchers and academics have acquired a lot of information about their theories and methods…

"Improving Mathematics in the Early Years and Key Stage 1" reviews the best available evidence to offer five recommendations for developing the maths skills of 3-7-year olds. Recommendations include integrating maths into different activities throughout the day -- for example, at registration and snack time -- to familiarise children…

This third edition of the best-selling "Mathematics in Nursery Education" provides an accessible introduction to the teaching of mathematics in the early years. Covering all areas of mathematics learning--number and counting, calculation, pattern, shape, measures and data handling--it summarises the research findings and underlying key concepts…

This paper discusses the use of Stern teaching materials with children with Down syndrome. The theory underlying the design of the materials is discussed, the teaching approach and methodology are described and evidence supporting effectiveness is outlined. (Contains 2 figures.)

This paper discusses the use of Numicon number teaching materials with children with Down syndrome. The theory underlying the design of the materials is discussed, the teaching approach and methodology are described and evidence supporting effectiveness is outlined. (Contains 4 figures.)

Procedures for using an abacus to teach addition to learning disabled children are described. Considerations in choosing, constructing, and doing basic problems with an abacus are discussed. (CL)

Discusses flaws in the Apple IIe Applesoft random number generator, RND, and reports results of frequency and serial correlation tests of the generator. Suggestions of seeds that yield sequences of numbers which pass fundamental screening tests for randomness are presented. (Author/LRW)

Checklist items are suggested to help teachers diagnose strengths and weaknesses of students who have difficulty learning mathematics. Tasks involve the use of manipulative aids to determine such concepts as grouping, counting, quantity, and estimating. (CL)

Models for developing addition, subtraction, and multiplication with integers are given. (MNS)

Several activities designed to allow students to play with and explore the special properties of the number nine are presented. A reproducible activity page is included. (MT)

Table games with special dice can help children with severe learning difficulties to improve their basic number skills (rote counting, numeral recognition, and counting out a quantity of objects from 1-200. Field testing supported the value of such games with 9- to 18-year-olds with moderate mental handicaps. (CL)

Discoveries of Charles Babbage in the 1800s are described. Origins of the difference engine, his calculating machine, the principles of computation applied to tables, and the design and construction of his engine are included. (MNS)

Contrasts nominal, cardinal, and ordinal uses of numbers with linguistic and historical examples. (MKR)

Presents an elementary physics problem, the solution of which illuminates physical meaning and its relation to real, imaginary, and complex mathematical quantities. (JRH)

Demonstrates some of the usefulness of number theory to students on the high school setting in four areas: Fibonacci numbers, Diophantine equations, continued fractions, and algorithms for computing pi. (ASK)