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White, Sheida; Sabatini, John; Park, Bitnara Jasmine; Chen, Jing; Bernstein, Jared; Li, Mengyi – National Center for Education Statistics, 2021
This publication highlights the key concepts and findings of the 2018 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) study. Oral reading fluency is defined as the ability to read text aloud with speed, accuracy, and proper expression. The NAEP ORF study was administered to a nationally representative sample of over…
Descriptors: National Competency Tests, Reading Tests, Oral Reading, Reading Fluency
Hiebert, Elfrieda H. – Reading Teacher, 2022
According to interpretations of results from the latest oral reading fluency (ORF) study conducted by the National Assessment of Educational Progress (White et al., 2020), fourth-grade students who score below the basic standard require interventions that focus on word recognition, phonological decoding, and fluency. Before such mandates for…
Descriptors: National Competency Tests, Reading Tests, Oral Reading, Reading Fluency
White, Sheida; Sabatini, John; Park, Bitnara Jasmine; Chen, Jing; Bernstein, Jared; Li, Mengyi – National Center for Education Statistics, 2021
The 2018 NAEP Oral Reading Fluency (ORF) study is conducted by NCES to examine fourth-grade students' ability to read passages out loud with sufficient speed, accuracy, and expression, as well as foundational skills to gauge underlying sources of poor fluency. Oral reading fluency and foundational skills are important components of reading that…
Descriptors: National Competency Tests, Reading Tests, Oral Reading, Reading Fluency
Berninger, Virginia W.; Abbott, Robert D.; Trivedi, Pamala; Olson, Erin; Gould, Laura; Hiramatsu, Sandra; Holsinger, Marta; McShane, Margaret; Murphy, Heather; Norton, Jennifer; Boyd, Annie Scuilli; York Westhaggen, Susanna – Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2010
In Study 1 we evaluated whether each of three kinds of reading fluency (oral, silent-sentences, silent-passages) contributed uniquely to reading comprehension when children were in second grade (when oral reading is emphasized) and again when they were in fourth grade (when silent reading is emphasized). In Study 2 we evaluated the relationship of…
Descriptors: Reading Comprehension, Sentences, Silent Reading, Reading Fluency
McQuiston, Kathleen; O'Shea, Doris; McCollin, Michelle – Multicultural Learning and Teaching, 2007
Many students continue to display reading difficulties beyond the elementary grades. Among these, a disproportionate number are students of culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds. Teaching foundational literacy skills is necessary to impart to these students that which they missed in the early grades. By combining best practices…
Descriptors: Adolescents, Literacy, Ethnic Diversity, Cultural Background
Chall, Jeanne S. – 1989
Phonics has been taught from the time of the ancient Greeks to make the written language more accessible. The first task of learning to read is learning to recognize in print the language used in speech. As a result of many studies conducted during the 1960s which demonstrated the effectiveness of phonics, its use as an instructional method…
Descriptors: Adult Literacy, Decoding (Reading), Educational History, Elementary Education
Williamson, Leon E. – 1983
Concerned with what can be done to help produce more thoughtful, critical readers, this report first presents an historical overview of theories on the origin of language, referring to B. F. Skinner, Noam Chomsky, and Jean Piaget, among others. It then discusses biological reasons for the evolution of language and the impact of verbal language on…
Descriptors: Biological Influences, Child Language, Cognitive Development, Decoding (Reading)