With appropriate education and early intervention, children who have had traumatic experiences can realize a lower level of long-term negative health and behavioral effects.

Despite growing interest in the potential influence of grandparents on grandchild status attainment, research has not addressed whether the ordinal position or number of grandchildren affects outcomes. We apply sibling- and cousin-fixed effects analyses to Swedish population data to examine how cousin order and cousin group size influence grade…

The most common point of intervention within campus sexual assault programming is that of combatting frequently held myths about rape. These rape myths are often assessed through self-report scales and are thus subjected to concerns of social-desirability and blind-spot bias. Research suggests individuals misperceive the beliefs of others,…

The interpretation of psychometric test results is usually based on norm scores. We compared semiparametric continuous norming (SPCN) with conventional norming methods by simulating results for test scales with different item numbers and difficulties via an item response theory approach. Subsequently, we modeled the norm scores based on random…

This article aims to clarify the fundamental aspects of aggregating fuzzy scores of conditions with multiple attributes in fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). Fuzzy multiple attribute conditions (FMACs) are conditions that are built using different types of concepts. FMACs are flexible conditions that express the ontological nature…

This brief describes that publicly-available ACT Superscore Database (or Tableau dashboard). The Database reports nationally and for each state the distribution of students across the full ACT Composite score scale based on three scoring methods: most recent score, highest score from a single test attempt, and ACT Superscore based on the highest…

In the present investigation, we make the claim that the creative process of generating, evaluating, and selecting ideas has cognitive and metacognitive components, capable of influencing each other. Hence, we suggest broadening the scope of creative metacognition. We take an exploratory approach to test relationships between creative beliefs and…

For assessments that use different forms in different administrations, equating methods are applied to ensure comparability of scores over time. Ideally, a score scale is well maintained throughout the life of a testing program. In reality, instability of a score scale can result from a variety of causes, some are expected while others may be…

Distance learning has become a popular phenomenon across the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. This led to answer copying behavior among individuals. The cut point of the Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KL) method, one of the copy detecting methods, was calculated using the Youden Index, Cost-Benefit, and Min Score p-value approaches. Using the cut…

This study examined the degree that reliability coefficients for scores on the PTGI generalize across participant and study characteristics. Meta-analytic procedures resulted in observed and predicted mean alpha coefficients ranging from acceptable to excellent and appeared to be largely unrelated to the participant characteristics included in our…

For misguided reasons, social scientists have long been reluctant to use gain scores for estimating causal effects. This article develops graphical models and graph-based arguments to show that gain score methods are a viable strategy for identifying causal treatment effects in observational studies. The proposed graphical models reveal that gain…

Polygenic scores for educational attainment and related variables, such as IQ and "mathematical ability" are now readily available via direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies. Some researchers are even proposing the use of genetic tests in educational settings via "precision education," in which individualized student…

Subscore added value analyses assume invariance across test taking populations; however, this assumption may be untenable in practice as differential subdomain relationships may be present among subgroups. The purpose of this simulation study was to understand the conditions associated with subscore added value noninvariance when manipulating: (1)…

Unit-weight sum scores (UWSSs) are routinely used as estimates of factor scores on the basis of solutions obtained with the nonlinear exploratory factor analysis (EFA) model for ordered-categorical responses. Theoretically, this practice results in a loss of information and accuracy, and is expected to lead to biased estimates. However, the…

Background: In today's fast-paced world, the complexity of family relations is growing. This demands a closer look into the effects of parental marital relationships and parents' involvement on children's literacy outcomes. Objective: The study objective was to examine the connections between parental marital status, parental involvement, and…