A study was designed to identify and clarify relationships between naturally observed, task-measured, and elicited instances of kindergarten children's role-taking, prosocial behavior and sharing behavior. An additional goal of the study was to illuminate possible relationships between prosocial behavior and children's temperamental characteristics, parental personality characteristics, and parents' child rearing techniques. Subjects were 26 children of 5 and 6 years of age and their mothers. Subject variables were dispersed as they naturally occurred in the classroom group. Analyses of the data revealed support for hypotheses regarding relationships between prosocial behavior and temperament ratings and parent practices. The existence of a predictive relationship between temperament, parent practices, and prosocial behavior was partially supported. Not supported were the prediction of a relationship between role-taking and prosocial behavior, and between role-taking and intelligence quotient; and the prediction that the parent dependency score would be positively correlated with the prosocial behavior score. Findings are discussed in terms of measurement characteristics and implications of the findings for future research. Related materials, such as nine pages listing references and instruments used, are appended. (RH)