Data derived from the 1970 National Fertility Study (NFS II included post-married women, information on all compositional factors for each respondent, and an 18-item section on sex-role ideology) were used to test the following hypotheses: farm women are more traditional in sex-role ideology than nonfarm women; the higher the sex-role traditionalism, the higher the actual fertility; the higher farm than nonfarm fertility will be sustained after age at first marriage, education, marital instability, labor force participation, religion, race, and duration of marriage have been controlled; the farm-nonfarm fertility differential will disappear after these same variables and sex-role ideology have been controlled. Sex-role ideology included dimensions of captured normative orientations re: female rights of access to extrafamilial roles; beliefs about the consequences to a woman and her family of procreation that such norms presuppose; and beliefs regarding innate physiological, psychological, or mental capacities conditioned by gender. Results indicated support for hypotheses I and II and lack of support for hypotheses III and IV; however, it was suggested that although residence had the smallest statistically significant regression weight, the very uneven division of the sample between farm and nonfarm categories (6% vs 94%) might account for an underestimation of the effect of residence, particularly since rural nonfarm was subsumed in the nonfarm category. (JC)