Automatic grading of short answers is an important task in computer-assisted assessment (CAA). Recently, embeddings, as semantic-rich textual representations, have been increasingly used to represent short answers and predict the grade. Despite the recent trend of applying embeddings in automatic short answer grading (ASAG), there are no…

As the COVID-19 pandemic motivated a shift to virtual teaching, exams have increasingly moved online too. Detecting cheating through collusion is not easy when tech-savvy students take online exams at home and on their own devices. Such online at-home exams may tempt students to collude and share materials and answers. However, online exams'…

Background: Critical thinking (CT) has been identified as one of the key skills in the modern world. Despite a variety of CT assessment systems for secondary school and higher education, there is a shortage of CT assessments for children. Aims: To fill the gap, we developed a computer-based performance assessment (CPBA) of CT with automatic…

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) is a challenging task that aims to predict a score for a given student response. Previous works on ASAG mainly use nonneural or neural methods. However, the former depends on handcrafted features and is limited by its inflexibility and high cost, and the latter ignores global word cooccurrence in a corpus and…

Developments in the field of education have significantly affected test development processes, and computer-based test applications have been started in many institutions. In our country, research on the application of measurement and evaluation tools in the computer environment for use with distance education is gaining momentum. A large pool of…

In the last few decades, the expansion of online learning and online assessment has attracted both negative and positive attention, some of which has celebrated the flexibility and individualised affordances of online learning contexts, while also lamenting the overuse of one-size-fits-all teaching approaches. Virtual learning contexts have been…

The increasing use of computerization in the testing industry and the need for items potentially measuring higher-order skills have led educational measurement communities to develop technology-enhanced (TE) items and conduct validity studies on the use of TE items. Parallel to this goal, the purpose of this study was to collect validity evidence…

In computer-based tests allowing revision and reviews, examinees' sequence of visits and answer changes to questions can be recorded. The variable-length revision log data introduce new complexities to the collected data but, at the same time, provide additional information on examinees' test-taking behavior, which can inform test development and…

The rise of online proctoring potentially provides more opportunities for item harvesting and consequent brain dumping and shared "study guides" based on stolen content. This has increased the need for rapid approaches for evaluating and acting on suspicious test responses in every delivery modality. Both hiring proxy test takers and…

Computer-based testing of humanities students has some inconveniences and difficulties, where the whole learning process is practically based on communicative methods. In this regard, one needs such a testing system, which would allow one to ask open-ended questions, and students would be able to enter detailed answers. Despite the popularity of…

Purpose: To improve the academic integrity of online examinations, digital proctoring systems have recently been implemented in higher education institutions (HEIs). The paper aims to understand how digital proctoring has been practised in higher education (HE) and proposes future research directions for studying digital proctoring in HE.…

Computerized adaptive testing (CAT) has gained deserved popularity in the administration of educational and professional assessments, but continues to face test security challenges. To ensure sustained quality assurance and testing integrity, it is imperative to establish and maintain multiple stable item pools that are consistent in terms of…

As an important construct in the cognitive process, comprehension monitoring has received much scholarly attention. Researchers have recognized comprehension monitoring as an ability closely linked with children's reading comprehension ability and working memory capacity. Evidence is also abundant to prove that comprehension monitoring skill…

We investigate two research questions using a recent statewide transition from paper to computer-based testing: first, the extent to which test mode effects found in prior studies can be eliminated in large-scale administration; and second, the degree to which online and paper assessments offer different information about underlying student…

We investigate two research questions using a recent statewide transition from paper to computer-based testing: first, the extent to which test mode effects found in prior studies can be eliminated; and second, the degree to which online and paper assessments offer different information about underlying student ability. We first find very small…