As part of a study for increasing motivation and preventing attitude deterioration among enlisted men, two studies were conducted: (1) to determine the attitudes of soldiers in 1970 (974 basic trainees at Fort Knox) and compare them with those of soldiers similarly questioned between 1945 and 1951; and (2) to review the literature on attitude change, concentrating on the theories of Leon Festinger and Daniel Katz. The areas investigated by the surveys in Part I were morale, training, leadership, organizational efficiency, importance of the Army, military discipline, alienation, satisfaction with services, and concern for the soldier. Useful comparisons between the two groups of responses were drawn, taking into consideration the effects of the following methodological problems: differences in sample composition, outdated phrasing, willingness to respond candidly, influence of one question on another, administration procedures, unit and post differences, and likelihood of combat participation. While certain similarities and differences were identified between the two surveys, the historical comparison showed that overall the attitudes of the soldiers at Fort Dix in 1948 were unusually favorable and merited further examination. Future studies should also include questions dealing with possible major issues of the future and with apprehensions about combat and injury or death. While four approaches to attitude changes (functional, learning, perceptual, and consistency) were recognized in the literature survey of part II, the two theories examined (functional and dissonance) were selected for having the greatest potential for success; but they still require additional research and evaluation before their application. (ELG)