The primary focus of this booklet is the use of anthropology in archaeology and the history of American Indians and their culture in Pennsylvania. Explanations are given for: (1) anthropology; (2) the purpose of archaeology; (3) archaeological interpretations and patterns of culture; (4) types of societies (bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states); (5) customs and their diffusion; and (6) artifacts. The cultural periods covered include paleo-Indian, early, middle, and late woodland, the U.S. colonial period, and the Native American cultures. Given specific mention are the Delaware, the Monongahela, the McFate, and the Susquehannock tribes. The archaeological sites under excavation in Pennsylvania are Clemsons Island, Shenks Ferry, McFate in Crawford County, and Conestoga Town. An 18-item selected annotated bibliography is included, and the topics covered are anthropology, culture and social organization, introductory archaeology, North American and general eastern United States archaeology, Pennsylvania archaeological studies, and Pennsylvania Indians of historic periods. (DJC)