Several factors may have contributed to the decline of historically black colleges and universities' (HBCUs) relative share of total Black student enrollment in postsecondary educational institutions, and there is no empirical evidence about their effects in the literature. The survival and growth of many HBCUs depend on their ability to maintain or improve their relative share of Black students, who traditionally represented their major source of enrollment. The purpose of this article is to provide an empirical analysis of the determinants of Black student enrollment in HBCUs. Such information may be useful for policy decisions. An overview of the factors influencing Black enrollment in higher education and a description of the methodological framework as well as the data used in this study are provided. The results show that Black student enrollment at HBCUs is essentially determined by the average cost of tuition and fees, the average Pell Grant per student, the retention rate, federal policies, and Black population trend.