This manual provides brief descriptions of the primitives and is the PDP11 implementation of the LOGO language. It is intended as a quick reference for users familiar with the LOGO language. (SD)

LISP LOGO is a computer language invented for the beginning student of man-machine interaction. The language has the advantages of simplicity and naturalness as well as that of emphasizing the difference between programs and data. The language is based on the LOGO language and uses mnemonic syllables as commands. It can be used in conjunction with…

This research has as its basic premise the belief that physical and mental skills are highly similar, enough so in fact that computation paradigms such as the ones used in Artificial Intelligence research about predominantly mental skills can be usefully extended to include physical skills. This thesis is pursued experimentally by the…

This paper describes a paradigm for tutorial systems capable of automatically providing feedback and hints in a game environment. The paradigm is illustrated by a tutoring system for the PLATO game "How the West Was Won." The system uses a computer-based "Expert" player to evaluate a student's moves and construct a "differential model" of the…

This report contains recommendations on chemical nomenclature, guidance on symbols, and terminology and units for physiochemical quantities. This report, intended to provide guidance to science teachers, consists of eleven sections: (1) general introduction; (2) introduction to symbols, terminology, and units for physiochemical quantities; (3)…

This paper reports a study to address two questions concerning children's understanding of average: How do children construct and interpret representativeness within the context of data sets? and How do children think about the mean as a particular mathematical definition and relationship? Twenty-one students (seven each of 4th, 6th, and 8th…

This is the second of two reports on the first year activities and results of the Systems Thinking and Curriculum Innovation Project (STACI), a two-year project which is examining the cognitive demands and consequences of using the STELLA (Structural Thinking Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation) software to teach systems thinking,…

This paper examines the cognitive structures and processes that mediate mathematical and scientific ability. Ability is divided into achieved abilities and precursor abilities. Identified concepts in the area of achieved ability include expertise, understanding, and problem-solving. Other abilities can be seen as precursors to such achieved…

Several models for problem solving are discussed, and the idea of a heuristic frame is developed. This concept provides a description of the evolution of problem-solving skills in terms of the growth of the number of algorithms available and increased sophistication in their use. The heuristic frame model is applied to two sets of physical…

Microcomputer-based laboratories (MBL), the use of microcomputers for student-directed data acquisition and analysis, represents a promising new development in science laboratory instruction. This descriptive study determined the impact of MBLs on middle school students' understanding of graphs of distance and velocity. The study was based on the…

This paper reports a study designed to determine how well teachers would learn the ideas embodied in the instructional sequences developed by the LOGO laboratory for use with elementary students. Approximately 30 pre-service and inservice elementary teachers were given 32 hours of instruction using the LOGO curriculum. Initially all students used…

The evolution of the two-stage cluster sampling plan is described, as are the instruments used to collect survey data from principals, teachers, specialists, and parents. Particular attention is given to the Classroom Activities Log, a unique teacher-completed instrument which provides a complete description of daily student experiences.…

The Follow Through experience is beginning to provide compelling evidence bearing upon important policy issues in compensatory education. This evidence, coming as it does from a naturalistic quasi-experiment, cannot draw its plausibility from the conventional statistical inference appropriate to probabilistically-constructed true experiments. The…

TORTIS (Toddler's Own Recursive Turtle Interpreter System) is a device which can be used to study or nurture the cognitive development of preschool children. The device consists of a "turtle" which the child can control by use of buttons on a control panel. The "turtle" can be made to move in prescribed directions, to take a…

The LOGO activities of a group of 16 sixth-grade students, representing a full spectrum of ability, are documented with a view of developing ways of capturing the learning possibilities of such an environment. The first group of eight subjects completed 25 closely observed hours, extending over seven weeks, in a LOGO classroom situated in a…