The hypothesis that faulty classical psychometric and sampling procedures in test construction could generate systematic bias against ethnic groups with smaller representation in the test construction sample was studied empirically. Two test construction models were developed: one with differential representation of ethnic groups (White, African…

Examines the effect of peers on elementary grade reading and mathematics scores. Finds, for example, that third-grade girls score higher on reading tests in all-female classes, that boys and girls score higher in mathematics in classes with larger percentages of females, and that Hispanic students score higher in mathematics and reading when class…

Although considerable research examines the impact of grade retention on student academic achievement, various shortcomings exhibited across these studies make it difficult to derive any concrete generalizations about the effectiveness of requiring students to repeat a grade. By utilizing data based on a cohort of all low-achieving elementary…