In the Bible, the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse are said to usher in the end of the world. That is why, in 1964, Judge Ben Cameron gave four of his fellow judges on the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit the derisive nickname "the Fifth Circuit Four"--because they were ending the segregationist world of the Deep…

Through the juxtaposition of 2 recent Supreme Court actions--"Allston v. Lower Merion County School District" (2015) and "Endrew F. v. Douglas County School District" (2017)--this article argues that special education is a neoliberal property that works to recruit disability through scientific-juridical qualifications of…

"Equality of Educational Opportunity," also known as the Coleman Report, sought answers to two burning questions: (1) How extensive is racial segregation within U.S. schools?; and (2) How adversely does that segregation affect educational opportunities for black students? In answering the first question, James S. Coleman and his…

Over 40 years ago the historic Kerner Commission Report declared that America was undergoing an urban crisis whose effects were disproportionately felt by underclass populations. In "America's Urban Crisis and the Advent of Color-blind Politics", Curtis Ivery and Joshua Bassett explore the persistence of this crisis today, despite public…

Sixteen essays dealing with issues surrounding school desegregation and racial integration comprise this book: (1) "School Integration Today: The Case for New Definitions," by Murray Friedman; (2) "Defining Brown's Integration Remedy for Urban School Systems," by Derrick A. Bell, Jr.; (3) "School Desegregation Can Succeed:…

This scholarly paper written for the Second National Conference on Urban Education presents an overview of the black experience in the development of American education. It may be considered by some as a celebration of the Bicentennial. It begins with a discussion of the condition of blacks during the Revolutionary War and continues with an…