This study investigated if the difficulty of instructional classroom English in primary teacher-guidebooks of English is adequately manipulated by learner-proficiency. Corpora of classroom English were compiled from 20 guidebooks from five publishers, approved following the 2015 Revised National Curriculum of Korea. Extracted materials from grades…

Learning mathematics in an inclusive classroom is challenging for many students with disabilities. The adapted digital mathematics textbooks for Grades 3 to 6 in South Korea were designed to support these students' access to the general mathematics curriculum. This study evaluates these textbooks according to the Universal Design for Learning…

The goal of this study was to examine the prospective associations of prosocial behavior and aggression with social preference in classrooms and whether these associations were moderated by classroom levels of peer-perceived liking and disliking by the teacher. Participants were 2900 fourth-to sixth-grade students in South Korea (M[subscript age]…

This study explores how 5th grade EFL learners learn and use English in the primary EFL classroom in the complex sociocultural context of Korea. By exploring students' language learning and practices in their school setting triangulated with interviews about their out-of-school language as well as parents' perspective on English, the study…

Individual differences (IDs) play an important role in the second language learning process and explain the varied experiences of the L2 learner. The two major IDs, language aptitude and motivation, can be primary factors in one's ultimate proficiency. While language aptitude is largely fixed, motivation is malleable and can aid in overcoming…

The goal of this study was to examine the unique associations of aggression with peer status in a non-Western context. The moderating effects of peer community and teacher closeness at the classroom level and gender and grade at the individual level were considered. Participants were 1954 third to sixth grade students (M[subscript age] = 9.60…

The purpose of this study was to develop a "Water strider" Inquiry Learning Program for improved inquiry learning, and to analyze the validity of the "Water strider." The Inquiry Learning Program's goal was to create an application for finding out an on-site applicability for the "Water strider" Inquiry Learning…

This study is for the implication of editorial design in science textbooks which are designed for student-centered instruction, when the elements of the editorial design are different, we focus on how the students' eye movement and cognitive load change. For this, we produced a new book for 5th grade students in elementary school that is modified…

The current study looked at an English as a foreign language (EFL) teacher's emotional intelligence (EI) and emotional labor (EL). A Korean elementary fifth-grade classroom was observed eight times in a non-participant way. Further, the teacher and the students were interviewed in a semi-structured way, and the teacher was asked to write…

Around the world, programming education is actively promoted by such factors as economic and technical requirements. The use of a robot in programming education could help students understand computer-science concepts more easily. In this study we designed a course in programming a robot for elementary school students and investigated its…

An integrated understanding of illustrations and texts is crucial for students to comprehend science teaching learning materials. Intervention methods can be employed to facilitate this integrated understanding. This study examined the effects of Eye Movement Modeling Examples (EMME) and Prompting interventions on the learning of illustrated…

The teaching and learning of science in school are influenced by various factors, including both individual factors, such as member beliefs, and social factors, such as the power structure of the class. To understand this complex context affected by various factors in schools, we investigated the formation and sharing process of science classroom…

Purpose: As the proportion of agricultural content is decreasing in educational curricula, students, especially in urban schools, are exposed to limited learning opportunities concerning agriculture. This study explores the effect of student-level and teacher-level variables on the agricultural literacy of urban elementary school students in the…

This study investigated the effects of exposure frequency, depth of processing, and activity repetition types on vocabulary learning. In total, 78 South Korean fifth-grade students were divided into four conditions. Students in each condition were asked to read a passage with four of the eight target words (exposure: four times) and the other four…

The aim of this paper is to examine the effects of sequencing instructional materials and learners' prior knowledge on learning ESL (English as a second language) through an online learning course. 121 fifth-grade students from an elementary school in Korea participated in the study. Each participant was allocated to one cell of a 2 × 2…