Many important human activities involve accomplishing goals without a script. There is no formula for true problem-solving. Heuristic, cognitive "rules of thumb" are the problem-solver's best guide. Learners should understand heuristic tools such as means-end analysis, working backwards, successive approximation, and external representation. Since…

The author's personal experiences illustrate her comments on five factors that affect whether learning environments are positive or not. These factors involve student relationships with staff members, the clarity of disciplinary processes, justifications for rules, the presence of practices encouraging dishonesty, and respect for confidentiality…