Nanotechnology refers to the research and technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range, that provides a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale and creates and use structures, devices, and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size. Nanotechnology research and development includes manipulation under control of the nanoscale structures and their integration into larger material components, systems, and architectures. This article presents the various developments made in the field of nanotechnology. One such endeavor is the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a top science and technology priority established by the National Science and Technology Council. The NNI supports a broad range of scientific disciplines, including physics, chemistry, biology, materials science, and engineering. With the creation of the NNI, nine "grand challenges," or fields, were identified to provide a framework for advancing nanotechnology: (1) Nanostructural materials by design; (2) Nano-electronics, optoelectronics, and magnetics; (3) Advanced health care, therapeutics, and diagnostics; (4) Nanoscale processes for improving the environment; (5) Efficient energy conversion and storage; (6) Microcraft and robotics; (7) Bio-nanosensors; (8) Applications in economical and safe transportation; and (9) National security.