PRAGMATICS & LANGUAGE LEARNING, a refereed series sponsored by the National Foreign Language Resource Center at the University of Hawai'i, publishes selected papers from the biannual International Pragmatics & Language Learning Conference under the editorship of the conference hosts and the series editor. Check the NFLRC website for upcoming PLL conferences and PLL volumes. This volume features cutting-edge research on L2 pragmatics from a wide range of theoretical and methodological approaches. It offers fresh perspectives on standard topics such as the use and learning of speech acts and the pragmatic meanings of linguistic resources, and the effect of planned intervention on pragmatic development in language instruction. The chapters also document researchers' increasing attention to different forms of computer-mediated communication as environments for using and developing L2 pragmatic competence, and of conversation analysis as an approach to different aspects of interaction in a variety of settings. Following a Series Editor's Foreword (Gabriele Kasper) and Preface (Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, César Félix-Brasdefer, & Alwiya S. Omar) the following contents are included: (1) On the Role of Formulas in the Acquisition of L2 Pragmatics (Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig); (2) Delay as an Interactional Resource in Native Speaker-Nonnative Speaker Academic Interaction (Noël Houck & Seiko Fujii); (3) Interactional Competence and the Use of Modal Expressions in Decision-Making Activities: CA for Understanding Microgenesis of Pragmatic Competence (Midori Ishida); (4) Making Requests in E-mail: Do Cyber-Consultations Entail Directness? Toward Conventions in a New Medium (Sigrun Biesenbach-Lucas); (5) Teaching Pragmatics in Spanish L2 Courses: What Do Learners Think? (Lynn Pearson); (6) The Development of ESL Learners' Pragmatic Competence: A Longitudinal Investigation of Awareness and Production (Gila A. Schauer); (7) Teaching the Negotiation of Multi-Turn Speech Acts: Using Conversation-Analytic Tools to Teach Pragmatics in the FL Classroom (J. César Félix-Brasdefer); (8) The Effectiveness of Explicit and Implicit Treatments on EFL Learners' Confidence in Recognizing Appropriate Suggestions (Alicia Martínez-Flor); (9) Kiswahili Requests: Performance of Native Speakers and Learners (Alwiya S. Omar); (10) Interlanguage Pragmatics and the Effects of Setting (Edelmira L. Nickels); (11) Speech Acts in Interaction: Towards Discursive Pragmatics (Gabriele Kasper); (12) A Learner Corpus-Driven Intervention for the Development of L2 Pragmatic Competence (Nina Vyatkina & Julie A. Belz); and (13) Pragmatic Transfer and Iranian EFL Refusals: A Cross-Cultural Perspective of Persian and English (Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, Zohreh R. Eslami, & Vahid Ghahraman). An About the Contributors section is included.