The National Indian Education Study is a two-part study designed to describe the condition of education for American Indian/Alaska Native students in the United States. The study was conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics for the U.S. Department of Education, with the support of the Office of Indian Education. This report, Part I of the study, presents the performance of American Indian/Alaska Native students at grades 4 and 8 on the 2005 National Assessment of Educational Progress in reading and mathematics. Part II, a separate report, will present the results of a special survey of American Indian/Alaska Native students and schools, focusing on demographic and cultural factors. A primary objective of the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) is to provide educators and policymakers reliable data on academic performance of students at the national, state, and local levels. NAEP serves as an integral part of our nation's evaluation of the condition and progress of education. The National Indian Education Study was conducted for the first time in 2005 as a part of NAEP, and in accordance with Title VII Part A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, 2001. This report is a summary of a compilation of comprehensive data on the academic achievement and progress of American Indian/Alaska Native students. Tables containing trend data are presented in the appendix. (Contains 12 tables and 69 figures.)