The U.S. Supreme Court's decision sharply limiting the use of race in assigning students to schools has led many educators to recommit themselves to strive for racial diversity in K-12 education, but has left them speculating about which tactics will withstand legal challenges. The court ruled 5-4 on June 28 that assignment plans in the Seattle and Jefferson County, Kentucky, districts that classified all students by race, and sometimes relied on race to achieve diversity in individual schools, violated the equal-protection clause of the 14th Amendment. John R. Munich, a St. Louis lawyer with expertise in desegregation efforts, said he believes that the court's ruling sends a message to educators that the era for considering race is at an end. He also said that "for school districts, the best answer is don't use race as a factor" at all in assigning students. However, other legal experts said that conclusion was not supported by the totality of the justices' 185 pages of opinion in the case.