This document is the second in a series of four volumes presented under the title of "Learning Opportunities for Adults." Included in this volume are eight special studies which were commissioned to investigate the needs related to the national development of adult education. These needs are summarized as follows: the introduction of new institutional structures, programs, and delivery systems; the stimulation of independent learning; the coordination of adult education services; and the provision of comprehensive guidance and counseling services. The titles and authors of the studies presented are (1) New Approaches in Post-Secondary Education in Germany, by Joachim Knoll; (2) The United States: A Review of Higher Education Degree Programs Specially Designed for Adults, by Thurman J. White; (3) Innovations in British Higher Education and Their Implications for Adult Education, by Geoffrey Squires; (4) Fostering Self-Planned Learning, by Allen Tough; (5) A New Approach in Danish Adult Education, by Helge Severinsen; (6) Independent Learning in the Post-Compulsory Sector in the United Kingdom, by Jennifer Rogers; (7) Guidance and Counselling Services for Adults in the United Kingdom, by Arthur Stock; and (8) Innovations in Eastern Europe, by Nigel Grant. (BM)