Purpose: Applying surface electromyography (sEMG) to the study of voice, speech, and swallowing is becoming increasingly popular. An improved understanding of sEMG and building a consensus as to appropriate methodology will improve future research and clinical applications. Method: An updated review of the theory behind recording sEMG for the speech and swallowing systems is provided. Several factors that are known to affect the content of the sEMG signal are discussed, and practical guidelines for sEMG recording and analysis are presented, focusing on special considerations within the context of the speech and swallowing anatomy. Results: Unique challenges are seen in application of sEMG to the speech and swallowing musculature owing to the small size of the muscles in relation to the sEMG detection volume and the present lack of knowledge about innervation zone locations. Conclusions: Despite the challenges discussed, application of sEMG to speech and swallowing has potential as a clinical and research tool when used correctly and is specifically suited to noninvasive clinical studies using between-condition or between-group comparisons for which detection of specific isolated muscle activities is not necessary.