There is considerable interest in identifying ways to close the Black-White achievement gap. This study examines race differences in children's participation in after-school programs, an out-of-school time experience that may influence children's achievement. Using nationally representative data spanning 1995-2005, the authors find that African American children ages 6-12 are twice as likely to attend after-school programs as White children, and the gap in program use is growing. Race differences in family and neighborhood characteristics explain only a small portion of the gap in program use, leaving much of the difference unexplained. The authors discuss the implications of the findings for research and policy. (Contains 4 tables.)